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Female Chauvinist Pigs
''Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture''〔Ariel Levy, ''Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture'', Free Press, 2005, ISBN 0-7432-8428-3〕 (2005) is a book by Ariel Levy which critiques the highly sexualized American culture in which women are objectified, objectify one another, and are encouraged to objectify themselves. Levy refers to this as "raunch culture".
==Background==
According to Levy, raunch culture is a product of the unresolved feminist sex wars – the conflict between the women’s movement and the sexual revolution.〔Levy 2005, p. 74.〕 Another source places the beginnings of raunch culture in the permissive society of the 1960s, which in postfeminist perspective was less about female sexual liberation than fulfilling the male fantasy of unlimited female availableness.〔Veronique Mottier, ''Sexuality: A Very Short Introduction'' (Oxford 2008) p. 56-7〕 Levy also characterizes raunch culture as a backlash against the stereotypes of “prude” and “uptight” (women) applied to many second-wave feminists (e.g., anti-pornography feminists).〔 Marcuse's intuition of the increased role of sexuality in advanced industrialism〔Herbert Marcuse, ''One-Dimensional Man'' (London 2002) p. 78-9〕 was thereafter increasingly confirmed by a pragmatic alliance between neo-liberalism and the commodification of sexuality.〔Sylvia Walby, ''The Future of Feminism'' (Cambridge 2011) p. 21-2〕
The 1990s saw the ever-growing sexualization of the media, with raunchiness emerging in the overlapping interfaces of music, TV, video and advertising.〔Steve Dennis, ''Britney:Inside the Dream'' (2009) p. 103〕 By the close of the century, figures like Germaine Greer were talking critically of sex-positive feminism, whereby acknowledging one's inner "slut" (in a commodified context) was seen as an ultimate goal.〔Germaine Greer, ''the whole woman'' (London 1999) p. 9〕
Levy claims that the enjoyment of raunch, or “kitschy, slutty stereotypes of female sexuality,” has existed through the ages, but it was once a phenomenon that existed primarily in the male sphere and has since become mainstream and highly visible.〔Levy 2005, p. 34.〕 Raunch culture has penetrated “political life, the music industry, art, fashion, and taste.”〔
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